Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research estimate that Pales-tinian deaths during the two year war may exceed one hundred thousand. They built their estimate using data from Ga-za’s Health Ministry, household surveys and verified death reports posted online. Their method compared expected mortality in 2023 and 2024 with actual deaths using a statistical model to show how much higher deaths became once the genocide began.

The study says Ga-za’s Health Ministry figure of seventy two thousand five hundred is not inflated and is likely conservative because destroyed hospitals and limited resources make full documentation impossible. The researchers found their results matched earlier work once underreporting was accounted for and described their framework as a tool for future war analysis.

Other publications have reached similar conclusions. The Lancet noted that the total number of deaths could easily pass one hundred thousand once indirect deaths from hunger, disease and the collapse of health care are included and estimated a possible range from one hundred forty nine thousand to nearly six hundred thousand. It also reported that more than three million life years have been lost and that most of those losses belong to civilians including over one million life years from children under fifteen. Ga-za’s Health Ministry says that since the ceasefire in October more than three hundred Palest-inians have been kil-led and at least seven hundred fifty injured.